recalcitrance(名词):顽抗;桀骜不驯;不服从(尤指对规则、权威或劝告的抗拒)。常用于较正式语境。
/rɪˈkælsɪtrəns/
The manager was frustrated by the team's recalcitrance.
经理对团队的顽抗态度感到沮丧。
Despite repeated warnings, his recalcitrance toward the rules eventually led to disciplinary action.
尽管一再警告,他对规则的顽固抵触最终导致了纪律处分。
来自拉丁语 recalcitrare,本义是“向后踢、反踢”(可联想到马不肯前进时用后蹄踢人),引申为“反抗、抗拒”。后形成名词 recalcitrance,表示“顽固不服从的状态”。